Morphological Study Of Profunda Femoris Artery: A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: The anatomical knowledge of variations of femoral artery and its branches is important as it isfrequently accessed by surgeons and radiologists for number of procedures. Profunda femoris artery is thelargest branch of femoral artery, it is chief supply of the thigh. It is frequently incorporated in vascularreconstructive procedures in the proximal leg. Femoral artery is frequently accessed by radiologists for numberof procedures, and surgeons. Accurate knowledge of anatomical variations of femoral artery and its branchesincluding profunda femoris, medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries is required to minimize complicationsand hence it is suggested for the clinicians planning surgery and intervention.Materials and Methods: In the present study, dissection was performed on 70 lower extremities of 35 embalmedcadavers in the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College Mangalore. The distance of the site of originof profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of the inguinal ligament was measured in mm with a scale andrecorded. The site of origin of medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries were studied.Results: In present study of profunda femoris artery, we found posterolateral and lateral aspect of origin wascommon (72.85%) than posterior and posteromedial aspect of origin (19.83%). In three limbs (3.03%) profundafemoris artery was originating from medial side of femoral artery and it coursed superficial to femoral vein. Asper various literatures this is rare. The site of origin of profunda femoris artery was between 21-40 mm on 48limbs. In 12 limbs we found high origin of profunda femoris artery (distance < 10mm). In 10% cases profundafemoris artery took origin as a common stem of femoral artery, that is origin of profunda femoris and twocircumflex arteries from single site.Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of branching pattern of femoral and profunda femoral artery and their distanceof origin is very important to surgeons to avoid inadvertent damage to these vessels and to avoid complicationsduring surgeries. the complications in vascular reconstructive surgeries.

GC-MS characterization of n-hexane soluble compounds of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes.

Cyperus rotundus L., popularly known as nutgrass or nagarmotha, is commonly used in the traditional medicine for inflammatory disorders. In the present study, n-hexane extract from rhizomes of C. rotundus (HCR) was analyzed for its constituents using GC-MS technique. The rhizomes were collected, washed, shade dried and powdered. N-hexane extract was prepared by cold percolation method and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. It was subjected to Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) for the identification of components thereon. Preliminary phytochemical screening of HCR revealed the presence of phenolics, sterols and terpenoids. GC-MS data indicates the presence of twenty seven low polar components in HCR. The major identified molecules include hentriacontane (7.15%), triacontane (6.12%), nonacosane (5%), octacosane (4.38%), octadecane (2.35%), hexadecane (2.32%), eicosane (1.56%), pentatriacontane (1.43%), 9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (1.37%), Heneicosane, 3-methyl- (1.27%), α-cyperone (1.25%), heptadecane (1.15%) and gamma-Sitosterol (1%). As some of these constituents are known to possess anticancer activity, HCR could be used as an active therapeutic ingredient.

Cross Sectional Study of Second and Fourth Digit Ratio with Physical Attributes in South Indian Population.

Background: Study of the index (2D) and ring (4D) digit ratios and their association with some physical characteristics of South Indian Population was done to determine the values of 2D:4D digit ratios and their association with other anthropometric variables. Materials and Methods: 160 adults (80 males and 80 females) between ages of 18 years and above were randomly selected with exclusion of those with hand deformities. The digit lengths were measured from the basal crease to the tips using vernier calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were determined for each subject while height and weight were used to calculate the body mass index and data analyzed. Results: The results showed significant difference in 2D:4D ratio between males and females. (p<0.001). Mean height of males exceeded the mean height of females and the mean weight of males exceeded the mean weight of females .Mean BMI of males also exceeded that of females. There was a positive correlation between the second digit length and Height and weight in males and females both on right and left sides. There was also a significant correlation weight and second digit length in males.The 2D:4D ratio for both left and right hand did not show any positive correlation with height, weight or BMI of an individual from people of South India. Conclusion: The results show a positive correlation between the digit lengths and height in both males and females and between weight and second digit length in case of males but the 2D:4D digit ratio had no relationship to height ,weight or BMI.The analysis also demonstrated that the males have greater 2D:4D ratio compared to females. The results of the study can be of importance in the field of forensic anthropology.

Designing A Contemporary Anatomy Museum: Anatomists' Perspective.

Background: A research study was conducted in sixteen anatomy museums across India. Aim: The aim of the study is to have an integrated approach while designing a museum. Objective: The objective is to stress on the need to have a holistic approach while designing a museum so that that the museum is well planned and organised and has a huge sectional diversity that spans all aspects related to anatomy. Materials and Methods: All the museums were studied using a planned proforma that emphasised on special features of the museum with special emphasis on sectional variety. Observations: The various techniques of specimen preparation, preservation, mounting and display were observed and photographed. The sectional variety was noted. Moreover the various methods of maintaining specimen related information in pictorial and computerised catalogues was observed. Results and Conclusion: A design of a contemporary anatomymuseumcan nowbe conceived that incorporates all aspects of anatomy from history, evolution, embryology, cross-sectional anatomy, comparative anatomy, teratology, genetics and clinical anatomy to sections with modern techniques like plastination. Such amuseum will certainly have a more holistic approach to anatomy and will be more educative and scientific.

Presence of an Unusual Fissure on the Diaphragmatic Surface of Spleen.

Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ of the body. Variations in the diaphragmatic surface of spleen are extremely rare which makes it significant. We observed an unusual fissure on the diaphragmatic surface of the spleen during routine dissection. Knowledge of this variation of spleen is important for radiologists, surgeons, clinicians and anatomists.

Cheiloscopy: A Scientific Approach for Personal Identification.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is derived from Greek word “Cheiloswhich” meaning lips.It is the study of characteristic pattern of elevations and depressions on labial mucosa. It is unique for every individual like fingerprints and hence can be used to determine the sex and for personal identity. Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip prints for sexual and personal identification of an individual. Materials and Methods: lipsticks, brush, cellophane tape, bond paper and magnifying lens. 50 male and 50 female students were selected from Yenepoya University. Lipstick was applied on their lips evenly and the prints were taken on folded bond paper. The cellophane tape was stuck on the paper to preserve it as permanent records. The prints were analysed using magnifying lens and Tsuchihashi’s classification of lip prints was used for to determine the most common pattern of lip prints found in males and females and to study any similarity of lip prints between two individuals. Observations and Results: Our study showed in males the predominant pattern was of type III pattern (40%), followed by type IV (22%), type I (18%), type I’ (12%) type II (6%) and type V(4%) respectively. This hierarchy is different for females, where type I was more predominant(54%),next was type I’ (28%), type III (10%), type IV (4%), type II (1%)and type V(2%) .Hence these results confirm the uniqueness of lip prints for every individual and show its variation according to gender. Conclusion: The data obtained from the above study shows promising results and indicates the uniqueness of lip prints like fingerprints for every individual. They hold a possible potential to determine the sex of an individual and hence can be used as records for personal identification.

Prevalence of Retromolar Foramen in Human Mandibles and Its Clinical Significance.

Retromolar foramen is found in the triangular area behind the lower last molar tooth and it allows the passage of neurovascular bundle that contribute to the nutrition and innervations of the pulp and periodontium of the lower teeth. In the present study one hundred and twenty mandibles were examined for the presence of retromolar foramen .Retromolar foramen was found in two mandibles bilaterally and in thirteen mandibles unilaterally (in 10 on the right side and in 3 on the left side). The distance between posterior third molar to the retromolar foramen was found to be an average of 9.8mm on the right side and 8.05mm on the left side. Distance between anterior border of ramus to retromolar foramen was found to be an average of 5.68mm on the right side and 5.77 on the left side. Retromolar foramen is surgically very significant. Knowledge of this anatomical variation can prevent complications in anaesthesia and surgical procedures in this area.

An Unascended Right Kidney With Left Sided Ureteric Calculi: A Cadaveric Case Report.

Anomalies of the urinary system constitute approximately 30% of all the congenital malformations. There are various associated anomalies involving number, size, shape, position and vascularity of the kidneys. Unascended kidneys refers to a halt in the migration of the kidneys during their normal embryological development. Defect in the ascent of the kidneys are closely related with variations in the branching pattern of aorta. Here we report a case of an unilateral unascended right kidney in a male cadaver encountered during routine medical dissection. A left sided ureteric calculi was also seen as an incidental finding in the same cadaver. Ureterolithiasis occurs worldwide in all sets of population with 80% of the stones found in the male sex in the age group of 30- 60 years. There are various factors which favour the formation of ureteric calculi which includes geographical, socio-economical as well as the mineral content of water consumed and some general medical causes. An attempt has been made to document the causes for this variation and the preventive measures that can be adopted to prevent the formation of ureteric calculi.

Metric assessment of femur using discriminant function analysis in South Indian population.

Introduction: Sex determination from unidentified human skeletal elements is a challenge for forensic investigators and anthropologists. This study aims to detect the best variable for sex determination from different parameters of femur. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted with 75 (40 males and 35 females) femora of known sex from the Department of Anatomy. Eight parameters were measured and subjected to univariate statistics, multivariate analysis such as discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis employing SPSS 13.00 version program. Results: The epicondylar breadth, antero-posterior diameter of lateral condyle, proximal breadth, vertical diameter of head and neck are statistically significant for dimorphism (p<0.05). Discriminant analysis shows an overall accuracy of 62.7% and stepwise discriminant analysis shows an accuracy of 65.3%.Under stepwise analysis epicondylar breadth was selected as the best discriminant variable for sex prediction. Discussion: Results implies that epicondylar breadth of femur is the best parameter for sex determination which agrees with available literature in different population. It can be correlated to delayed ossification of growing lower end in males giving higher value. Due to early maturity dimorphism is less in the upper end of the bone. Conclusion: The results of present study confirm that epicondylar breadth is one of the good parameters in femur for sexing in unidentified skeleton.

Role of glycyrrhiza glabra root extract in dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections of hippocampal CA1 neurons in 3-months old rats.

The hippocampus is located bilaterally in the medial temporal lobe; within the hippocampus the flow of information is unidirectional. Repeated psychological stress, aging and dementia may leads to the dendritic atrophy in CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampus. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the role of aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Gg) treatment on the dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections of hippocampal CA1 neurons in 3 months old male Wistar albino rats. The aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra was administered orally in four different doses (75, 150, 225 and 300 mg/kg) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks duration, respectively. At the end of the spatial memory tests, the rats were sacrificed by deeply anesthetized Pentobarbitone, their brains were removed rapidly and Hippocampal CA1 region studied through Rapid Golgi staining. Hippocampal CA1 neurons were traced using camera lucida, and Quantification of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections were quantified by using concentric circle method of Sholl. All the doses of aqueous root extract of Gg for 6 weeks showed significantly enhanced dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections however in the dose of 150 and 225 mg/kg/p.o showed a significant (p<0.01) enhancement of dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections along the length of both apical and basal dendrites in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is comparable to control. However, the rats treated for 2 and 4 weeks did not show any significant change in hippocampal CA1 neuronal dendritic arborization. Thus the constituents present in aqueous root extract of Gg may stimulate the release of neuromodulators or neuronal dendritic growth stimulating factors that alter the activity of neurotransmitters that are involved in learning and memory, which thereby may be useful in management of impaired learning, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Primary pattern of arteries of upper limb with relevance to their variations / Patrón primario de las arterias de los miembros superiores con relevancia a sus variaciones

A detailed description of the vascular pattern of upper limbs especially their variations in their origin, course and branching pattern is of utmost importance anatomically in general and clinically in particular. These variations have drawn attention of surgeons, physicians, radiologists and interventionists due to the advanced surgical procedures practiced in vascular surgeries, plastic (reconstructive) surgeries and also for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. 50 cadavers (100 upper limbs) were used for the study, which were dissected as the part of routine dissection for teaching undergraduate students at our institution. Length of the normal and variant arteries with mean, standard deviation, 'p' and 't' values are noted in each of the limbs. The following variations are observed: i) high division of brachial artery, ii) higher origin of profunda brachii artery, iii) high origin of radial artery, iv) absence of common interosseous artery. The variations are of particular importance to the surgeons operating in the area, especially for those involved in vascular reconstructive surgeries. So it is prudent to do pre-operative studies of the brachial and antebrachial arteries and their branching patterns, to prevent possible complications post operatively.

Una descripción detallada del patrón vascular de los miembros superiores, especialmente sus variaciones en el origen, curso y patrón de ramificación son de suma importancia anatómica en general y clínica en particular. Estas variaciones han llamado la atención de los cirujanos, médicos, radiólogos e intervencionistas debido a los procedimientos quirúrgicos avanzados practicados en cirugía vascular, cirugía plástica (de reconstrucción) y también para los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. 50 cadáveres (100 miembros superiores) se utilizaron para el estudio, los que fueron disecados como parte de una disección de rutina para la enseñanza de los estudiantes de pregrado en nuestra institución. La longitud de las arterias normales y variantes con su media, desviación estándar, valores "p" y "t" se observaron en cada uno de los miembros. Las siguientes variaciones se observaron: i) división alta de la arteria braquial, ii) origen alto de la arteria braquial profunda, iii) origen alto de la arteria radial, iv) ausencia de la arteria interósea común. Las variaciones son de particular importancia para los cirujanos que operan en la zona, especialmente para quienes participan en cirugías de reconstrucción vascular. Por lo tanto, es prudente hacer estudios pre-operatorios de las arterias braquial y antebraquiales y sus patrones de ramificación, para evitar posibles complicaciones post-operatorias.